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What act as girders between bulkheads, decks, and double bottoms, and transmit forces exerted by load weights and water pressures?

Beams

Bulkheads

Frames

Frames form the ship’s transverse backbone, acting as the girders that tie together the vertical and horizontal elements of the hull. They run across the hull and connect to the keel, deck beams, bulkheads, and the double bottom, so they carry and distribute the forces from loaded cargo and from water pressure. By transferring bending and shear stresses between these parts, frames help maintain the hull’s shape and structural integrity. Bulkheads are vertical partitions, decks are horizontal planes, and keels run along the bottom centerline, while frames provide the essential cross-member support that links these components into a strong, integrated structure.

Keels

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